Red Ginseng Extract Ameliorates Autoimmune Arthritis via Regulation of STAT3 Pathway, Th17/Treg Balance, and Osteoclastogenesis in Mice and Human

Figure 3

Red ginseng extract reduces STAT3 phosphorylation in the CD4⁺ T cells in mice. (a) Spleens of red ginseng extract or vehicle-treated CIA mice were subjected to immunostaining for CD4⁺pSTAT3y705⁺ or CD4⁺pSTAT3s727⁺ cells. The number of cells was counted in four independent quadrants. (b) Isolated CD4⁺ T cells were cultured in a Th17-polarizing condition for 3 days in the absence or presence of various concentrations of red ginseng extract (RGE). The expression of various signaling molecules was determined by western blotting. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments ^∗𝑃<0.05, ^∗∗𝑃<0.01, and ^∗∗∗𝑃<0.001 compared to control mice.

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