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Factors associated with good response to | Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors | Tocilizumab | Abatacept | Rituximab |
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Patients characteristics | Male (C) [7–9] Younger (C) [7, 8] Nonsmoker (C) [10, 19–21] Nonobese for IFX (C) [16, 17] Use of MTX (C) [7, 8, 10, 11] | Older (NC) [12] | Younger (NC) [13] | Male (NC) [15] |
Disease characteristics | Low HAQ (C) [7, 10, 17, 20] High DAS28 (C) [7, 8, 17] ACPA or RF negativity (C) [20, 31] Low number of previous biological therapies (C) [8] | Low HAQ and high DAS28 [13] | High DAS28 [14] RF positivity (C) [32] | Low HAQ and high DAS28 [15, 32] RF positivity +++ (C) [32] Low number of previous biological therapies (C) [29] |
Immunogenicity | Antidrug antibodies against ADA or IFX for response to ETN (NC) [39] | | | |
Genetic background | PTPRC = CD45 (rs10919563) (C) [41, 42], 7 SNPs including EYA4 (rs17301249) and PDZD2 (rs1532269) (NC) [43] | | | 158VV FCGR3A in European countries (C) [44, 45] |
Cytokines and immune cells | High TNF bioactivity in blood [5] or in synovium [49] (NC), high LPS-stimulated whole blood IL-1b (NC) [48], low IL-17 (NC) [6] 24-biomarker ETN response signature including autoantibodies and cytokines (C) [53] | High serum IL-6 levels (NC) [54] | Low levels of CD4+ and CD8+ CD28− T cells (NC) [61] | Memory B cells (NC) [57, 58] |
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