Oxidative Damage and Antioxidative Therapy in Systemic Sclerosis

Figure 4

Antioxidative defense in systemic sclerosis. HO-1: haemoxygenase-1, NADPH oxidase: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase, Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2, ADMA: asymmetric dimethylarginine, NOS: nitric oxide synthase, NAC: N-acetyl-l-cysteine, ONOO⁻: peroxynitrite, GSH: glutathione, PDGFR: antiplatelet derived growth factor receptor, PTP: protein tyrosine phosphatases, H₂O₂: hydrogen peroxide, (PHTE)2NQ: 2,3-bis(phenyltellanyl)-naphthoquinone, ROS: reactive oxygen species, α-SMA: alpha-smooth muscle actin, AOPPs: advance oxidation protein products, MMPs: matrix metalloproteinase-1, EGCG: (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, : superoxide anions, and PDGF: antiplatelet derived growth factor.