Anti-Inflammatory Effects of IKK Inhibitor XII, Thymulin, and Fat-Soluble Antioxidants in LPS-Treated Mice

Table 1

Effect of in  vitro added antioxidants on TNF-α production in LPS-treated peritoneal macrophages from mice.

Control 1	Control 2	LPS	LPS + Q9	LPS + 𝛽-carotene	LPS + 𝛼-tocopherol	LPS + antioxidant’s mixture
20.2±2.5	23±2.6	80.1±9.8^a	32.4±4.0^b	35.2±4.1^ab	29.5±3.1^b	18.1±2.5^bc

Macrophages were cultivated for 24 h; 50 𝜇M of ubiquinone, 10 𝜇M 𝛼-tocopherol, and 10 μM 𝛽-carotene were added in cultivating medium as water-alcohol emulsions (for Q₉ and α-tocopherol) or water-Tween 85 emulsion (for 𝛽-carotene). The samples with only medium supplemented with the equal amounts of alcohol or Tween 85 served as controls (control 1 and control 2, correspondingly); then 2.5 𝜇g/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli was added to cells. TNF-𝛼 concentration shown in pg/mL was measured in the cell-free supernatants by ELISA kit. The final alcohol and Tween 85 concentrations did not exceed 1% in control or experimental samples. Each of values is the average mean ± S.D. from 12 duplicates.
aSignificantly different from control, 𝑃<0.05; ^bsignificantly different from LPS-treated cells, 𝑃<0.05; ^csignificantly different from LPS + Q₉, LPS + 𝛽-carotene, and LPS + 𝛼-tocopherol-treated cells, 𝑃<0.05.