Evaluation on Potential Contributions of Protease Activated Receptors Related Mediators in Allergic Inflammation

Table 1

Expression of protease activated receptors (PARs) on inflammatory cells.

Cell type	Expression of PARs				Regulator of PARs
	PAR-1	PAR-2	PAR-3	PAR-4	Upregulation	Downregulation
MC	+; [22, 27]	+; [22, 23, 25, 27, 28]	+; [22]	+; [22, 28]	RANTES for PAR-1 [32]; TNF-𝛼 for PAR-2 [23, 31] and PAR-4 [31]; IL-12 for PAR-4 [20]; GM-CSF for PAR-4 [30]; AC allergen rPer a1.01 for PAR-1,2,4 [22].	IL-29 for PAR-1 [29]; IL-12 for PAR-2 [20].
Eos	+; [35, 36]	+; [35–37]	+; [36]	−; [36]	na	na
Neu	+; [38]	+; [38, 39, 106]	−; [38]	−; [38]	na	Simvastatin and pravastatin for PAR-2 [106]; GC for PAR-2 [39]
Mon	+; [40–42, 46, 47]	+; [43–47]	+; [41, 46, 47]	+; [47]	IFN-𝛾 for PAR-1 [42]; thrombosis for PAR-1; APS for PAR-2 [46]	na
Mac	+; [41, 48, 50]	+; [41, 43, 48–51]	+; [41, 50]	+; [50]	LPS for PAR-1, -2, -3, and -4 [50]; dietary FA for PAR-2 [51]; MMIF for PAR-2 [77]; GM-CSF for PAR-1, -2, and -3 [41]; smoke for PAR-1 [48]	IL-4 for PAR-1, -2, and -3 [41]
TC	+; [52, 162]	+; [53, 162]	na	+; [162]	HIV for PAR-1 [52]	na
BC	+; [54]	+; [163]	na	na	na	na
DC	+; [55, 56]	+; [43, 57]	+; [56]	na	GC for PAR-2 [57]	LPS for PAR-1 and -3 [56]

MC: mast cell; Eos: eosinophil; Neu: neutrophil; Mon: monocyte; Mac: macrophage; TC: T cell; BC: B cell; DC: dendritic cell; RANTES: regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IL: interleukin; IFN: interferon; APS: antiphospholipid syndrome; MMIF: macrophage migration inhibitory factor; LPS: lipopolysaccharides; FA: fatty acids; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; AC: American cockroach; GC: German cockroach; na: not available.