Upregulating Nonneuronal Cholinergic Activity Decreases TNF Release from Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW264.7 Cells

Figure 1

Kinetics of TNF protein and mRNA expression in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with 100 ng/mL LPS. (a) TNF content in the supernatant was determined by ELISA; data are shown as OD450; (b) TNF mRNA expression level was determined by using real-time PCR. 𝛽-Actin was used as a control gene. The data shown are representative of three independent experiments. All values are expressed as mean ± SD (𝑛=3). *𝑃<0.05 compared with PBS, ^#𝑃<0.05 compared with LPS 4 h, and ^&𝑃<0.05 compared with LPS 8 h.

(a)

(b)