Interleukin-1 as a Common Denominator from Autoinflammatory to Autoimmune Disorders: Premises, Perils, and Perspectives

Table 4

Overview from the medical literature dealing with interleukin-1 blockade in Behçet’s disease.

First author; reference	Number of patients	Brief summary of clinical and laboratory features	Anti-interleukin-1 agents	Outcome
Botsios [235]	1	Fever, mucosal involvement, gut ischemic perforation, positive pathergy test, increased acute-phase reaction	Anakinra	Complete remission with improvement of inflammatory markers in 7–10 days
Bilginer [234]	1	Fever, mucosal involvement, erythema nodosum, arthritis, secondary amyloidosis, increased acute-phase reaction, skin pathergy reactions,; overlap with familial Mediterranean fever	Anakinra	Complete remission with improvement of inflammatory markers in 6 months
Gül [199]	7	Acute posterior uveitis and panuveitis, retinal vasculitis	Gevokizumab	Complete remission of retinal vasculitis in 4–21 days and marked reduction in intraocular inflammation
Ugurlu [238]	1	Mucosal involvement, erythema nodosum, bilateral panuveitis, retinal vasculitis, skin pathergy reactions	Canakinumab	Complete remission for 8 weeks
Emmi [236]	1	Mucosal and gastrointestinal involvement, arthritis, pseudofolliculitis, bilateral retinal vasculitis	Anakinra	Complete remission after 12 months of follow-up
Cantarini [232]	9	Fever, mucosal involvement, headache, skin lesions, retinal vasculitis, low back pain, increased acute-phase reaction, arthritis, abdominal pain,	Anakinra	Complete/partial remission with a variable duration of response
Caso [233]	1	Mucosal and ocular involvement, pseudofolliculitis, sacroiliitis increased acute-phase reaction	Anakinra	Complete remission in few days
Cantarini [228]	1	Fever, mucosal involvement, skin lesions, arthritis, abdominal pain, headache, increased acute-phase reaction, overlap with granuloma annulare	Canakinumab	Complete remission after few weeks
Vitale [237]	3	Fever, mucosal and gastrointestinal involvement, headache, anterior uveitis, arthralgia, pseudofolliculitis, deep venous thrombosis, panuveitis, headache, arthritis, increased acute-phase reaction	Canakinumab	Complete remission within few weeks