Role of the Immunogenic and Tolerogenic Subsets of Dendritic Cells in Multiple Sclerosis

Figure 4

Effects of vitamin D on the immune system and immune responses. Vitamin D affects the immune responses including modulation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), B, T, and NK cells. ↑ denotes induction or upregulation; ↓ denotes inhibition or downregulation. DCs: dendritic cells; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; IL: interleukin; IFN-γ: interferon gamma; Ig: immunoglobulin; Mφ: macrophage; MHC: main histocompatibility complex; NK cells: natural killer cells; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; VDR: vitamin D receptor.