|
Tissue | Experimental model | Ceramide species | Alteration | Reference |
|
Liver | 60% HFD for 5 weeks in Wistar rats | Total ceramide | Increased | [40] |
60% HFD for 16 weeks in C57BL/6 mice | C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C20:0, and | Increased |
[9] |
C24:0 | Decreased |
30% HFD with 40% fructose for 2 weeks in Syrian Golden hamsters | C14:0, C18:0, C18:1, and C20:0 | Increased | [39] |
34% HFD for 3 weeks in Wistar rats | C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, and C24:1 | Increased (nuclei) |
[29] |
C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, | Increased (total) |
42% HFD for 16 weeks in C57BL/6 mice | C18:0, and C20:0 | Increased |
[11] |
C24:0, C24:1 | Decreased |
42% HFD for 3 weeks in C57BL/6 mice | C20:0, C22:0 | Increased |
[11] |
C24:0, C24:1 | Decreased |
42% HFD for 6 weeks in C57BL/6 mice | C18:0, C20:0, C22:0, C24:1, C24:0, and total ceramide | Increased | [8] |
60% HFD for 4 weeks in C57BL/6 mice | C16:0, C22:0, and total ceramide | Increased | [12] |
0.3 mM palmitate for ≤24 h in primary rat hepatocytes | C16:0 | Increased | [43] |
|
Skeletal muscle | 42% HFD for 16 weeks in C57BL/6 mice | C16:0, C18:0 | Increased | [11] |
42% HFD for 3 weeks in C57BL/6 mice | C18:0 | Increased | [11] |
42% HFD for 6 weeks in C57BL/6 mice | C16:0, C18:0, C20:0, C22:0, C24:1, C24:0, and total ceramide | Increased | [8] |
10-week HFD in 25-month-old Wistar rat | Total ceramide | Increased | [21] |
300 M palmitate for 3 days during differentiation in human myotubes | Total ceramide, primarily C16:0, but except for C24:1 | Increased | [18] |
Obese patient samples | C16:0, C18:0, C20:0, C22:0, and total ceramide | Increased | [10] |
60% HFD for 6 weeks in C57BL/6 mice | C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, and total ceramide | Increased | [41] |
60% HFD for 10 weeks in C57BL/6 mice | C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, and total ceramide | Increased | [13] |
42% HFD for 6 weeks in C57BL/6 mice | C16:0, C18:0, and total ceramide | Increased |
[68] |
C24:1 | Decreased |
0.75 mM palmitate for 16 h in C2C12 myotubes | C16:0, C22:0, and total ceramide | Increased | [12] |
60% HFD for 4 weeks in C57BL/6 mice | C16:0, C18:0, and total ceramide | Increased | [12] |
0.75 mM palmitate for 16 h in C2C12 myotubes | Total ceramide, total glucosylceramide | Increased | [65] |
0.75 mM palmitate for 16 h in C2C12 myotubes | Total ceramide | Increased | [23] |
1.25 mM palmitate for 14 h in C2C12 myotubes | C16:0, C18:0, C24:0, C24:1, and total ceramide | Increased | [14] |
|
Adipose tissue | 42% HFD for 16 weeks in C57BL/6 mice | C16:0, C18:0, C20:0, and C22:0 | Increased | [11] |
Obese patient samples | C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, and C22:1 | Increased | [17] |
55% HFD for 18 weeks in C57BL/6 mice | C16:0, C18:0 | Increased |
[17] |
C22:0, C24:0 | Decreased |
60% HFD for 16 weeks in C57BL/6 mice | C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1 | Increased |
[16] |
C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1 | Increased |
|
Plasma/serum | 60% HFD for 16 weeks in C57BL/6 mice | C16:0, C18:0, C20:0, and C24:1 | Increased | [16] |
31% HFD in diabetic Rhesus Macaque monkeys | C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C20:0, C22:0, and C24:0 | Increased | [7] |
60% HFD for 13 weeks in C57BL/6 mice | C20:0, C22:0, C24:0, and total ceramide | Increased | [30] |
60% HFD for 8 weeks in Long Evans rats | Total ceramide | Increased | [24] |
|
Aorta | 100 M palmitate for 8 h in primary bovine aortic endothelial cells | C16:0 | Increased | [89] |
60% HFD for 2 weeks in C57BL/6 mice | C16:0, C18:0, and C22:0 | Increased | [89] |
|
Heart | 45% HFD for 16 weeks in 18-month-old C57BL/6 mice | Total ceramide | Increased | [19] |
41% palmitate-enriched HFD for 12 weeks in C57BL/6 | C16:0, C20:0, and C20:1 | Increased | [98] |
60% HFD for 12 weeks in 40–44-week-old C57BL/6 mice | C18:0 | Increased | [20] |
60% milk-fat based HFD for 8 weeks in C57BL/6 mice | d16:1-base ceramide | Increased | [25] |
60% HFD for 16 weeks in C57BL/6 mice | C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C20:0, and C24:1 | Increased | [15] |
|