Sphingolipids in High Fat Diet and Obesity-Related Diseases

Table 2

Sphingomyelin regulation by HFD or fatty acids.

Tissue	Experimental model	Sphingomyelin species	Alteration	Reference
Liver	60% HFD for 5 weeks in Wistar rats	NS	Increased	[40]
	34% HFD for 3 weeks in Wistar rats	SM16:0, SM18:0, and SM18:1	Increased (nuclei)	[29]
		SM16:0, SM18:0	Increased (total)
	58% HFD for 16 weeks in C57BL/6 mice	NS	Increased	[54]
Skeletal muscle	60% HFD for 6 weeks in C57BL/6 mice	SM18:1	Increased	[41]
		SM18:0, total SM	Decreased
Adipose tissue	42% HFD for 16 weeks in C57BL/6 mice	SM14:0, SM16:0, SM16:1 SM18:0, and SM18:1	Increased	[11]
Plasma/serum	45% HFD for 14 weeks in C57BL/6 mice	SM16:0, SM18:0, SM16:1, SM18:1, and SM22:1	Increased	[33]
	58% HFD for 16 weeks in C57BL/6 mice	NS	Increased	[54]
Heart	60% HFD for 16 weeks in C57BL/6 mice	SM 16:0, SM18:0, and SM18:1	Increased	[15]
	41% palmitate-enriched HFD for 12 weeks in C57BL/6	SM16:0, SM20:0, SM24:0, and SM24:1	Increased	[98]

NS = not specified.