Biomarkers of Guillain-Barré Syndrome: Some Recent Progress, More Still to Be Explored

Figure 1

Axonal damage type of GBS is triggered by a subset of C. jejuni containing ganglioside-mimicking LOS on outer membrane. Immune response to C. jejuni induces the unbalance of Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg and cytokines that is crucial for the development of GBS. Chemokines are responsible for the infiltration of immune cells and complements activated by antibodies could mediate PNS lesion. Damage of barriers and PNS permits CSF to serve as an important source of biomarkers. Structural molecules of PNS, including myelin sheath molecules and neuron molecules, are released to CSF due to the damage of PNS and may provoke further immune response. Disturbance of BNB also results in an alteration of protein content in CSF due to blood protein influx.