Captopril Pretreatment Produces an Additive Cardioprotection to Isoflurane Preconditioning in Attenuating Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Rabbits and in Humans

Table 2

Intraoperative and postoperative procedure characteristics of the patients.

Item	Control	Cap1hr	Cap3d	Cap1hr+Iso	Cap3d+Iso
Operation time (min)	147 ± 43	147 ± 45	142 ± 41	144 ± 45	148 ± 42
Aortic clamping time (min)	46 ± 18	46 ± 17	45 ± 19	47 ± 16	43 ± 18
Bypass time (min)	65 ± 19	67 ± 19	68 ± 20	67 ± 22	68 ± 21
Automatic rebeating rate (%)	40	50	50	70	80
Arrhythmia incidence (%)	45	35	35	30	20
Dopamine (mg)	687 ± 63	513 ± 71	478 ± 67	317 ± 46	243 ± 54
Sodium nitroprusside (mg)	813 ± 64	796 ± 66	749 ± 81	706 ± 83	641 ± 83
ICU stay (h)	68.6 ± 9.1	62.0 ± 8.9	59.1 ± 8.8	54.5 ± 8.9	43.1 ± 9.3
Hospital stay (d)	16.2 ± 2.5	14.69 ± 2.9	13.2 ± 2.8	12.8 ± 2.1	10.3 ± 1.6
Death in hospital ()	0	0	0	0	0

Control: untreated control; Cap1hr: captopril treatment for 1 h before surgery (12.5 mg, p.o., 1 h before surgery); Cap3d: captopril treatment for 3 days (12.5 mg, p.o., 3 times a day) before surgery; Cap1hr+Iso: captopril treatment for 1 h in combination with inhalational isoflurane (Iso) at 1.1% end tidal concentration administrated for 30 min before CPB; Cap3d+Iso: captopril treatment for 3 days in combination with Iso before CPB. Values are means ± S.D. or the number of patients. versus Control, versus Cap1hr+Iso.