Neuroimmunomodulation in the Gut: Focus on Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Figure 2

Interaction between the enteric neuron system (ENS) and mucosal immune cells. Upon vagus nerve stimulation, the sympathetic innervation secretes neurotransmitters that can modulate immune cells and the inflammatory response. The intestinal microbiota also participates in the inflammatory response fine-tuning the interaction between the ENS and mucosal immune cells.