Serum Cytokinome Profile Evaluation: A Tool to Define New Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers of Cancer Using Multiplexed Bead-Based Immunoassays

Table 1

We report for each cancer the list of cytokines of patients with higher or lower levels compared to healthy controls, the type of cohort of patients for which the sera levels of cytokines were evaluated by multiplexed bead-based immunoassays, and related references.

Cancer	Cytokines levels	Type of cohort of patients versus controls	References
Breast cancer	↓TNF-α and IL-12	Early stage	[24]
	↑TNF-α and IL-1β	Advanced stage	[24]
	↑IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-18	Early stage	[26]
	↑IL-2R	Early stage	[26]
Ovarian cancer	↑VEGF, bFGF, PDGF, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1a, IL-1b, MCP-1, G-CSF, M-CSF, and TNF-α	Early stage	[31]
	↑angiogenin, angiopoietin-2, GRO, ICAM-1, IL-6, IL-6R, IL-8, IL-10, leptin, MCP-1, MIF NAP-2, osteprotegerin (OPG), RANTES, TIMP-2, and UPAR	Ascites	[32]
Lung cancer	↑sTNFRII, IL-7, TGF-α, CXCL5, CXCL9, CXCL13, CCL17, and CCL22	Cancer without other comorbidities	[33]
	↑CCL15	Early stage	[34]
	↑IL-6 and IL-8	Non-small-cell lung cancer	[35]
	↑IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-17, and IFN-γ ↓IL-29 and IL-33	Non-small-cell lung cancer	[36]
Colon cancer (CRC)	↑IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, and PDGF-ββ; ↓MCP-1	T3 or T4 rectal tumors without preoperative radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy	[37]
	↑IL-1ra, IL-6, IL-8	Advanced stage	[37]
	↑FGF-2, TGF-α, Flt-3L, GM-CSF, INF-α2, GRO, IL-10, MCP-3, MDC, sIL-2Ra, IL-2, IL-7, IL-8, MCP-1, MIP-1β, TNF-α, and VEGF,	Metastatic CRC	[38]
Liver cancer (HCC)	↑HGF, IL-2R, s-IL-6Ra, IL-18, leptin, and sVEGFR-1
	sVEGFR-2, glucagon, β-NGF, CXCL1, CXCL9, CXCL12, IL-16, PECAM-1, IFN-α, and Prolactin	HCV-related HCC	[39]
Melanoma	↑IL-1a, IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p40, IL-13, G-CSF, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1 β, IFN-α, TNF-α, EGF, VEGF, and TNF-RII	Patients treated with interferon-alpha2β	[40]
Gastric cancer	↑IL-6 and IL-8	Early stage	[41]
	↑IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ	Distal gastric cancer	[42]
	↑IL-8, eotaxin, HGF, IP-10, MIP-1β, VEGF, Gro-a, IL-2R, IL-18, M-CSF, MIF, and MIG	Advanced stage	Our group
Pancreatic cancer	↑IL-10 and TGF-β	Primary pancreatic duct adenocarcinomas	[43]
	↑IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10	Stages II-III-IV	[44]
	↑IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α; ↓IL-23	Newly diagnosed pancreatic adenocarcinoma	[45]
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC)	↑IL-6, IL-10, and VEGF	Metastatic RCC	[46]
	↑IL-5, IL-12, IL-6, and VEGFA	Metastatic RCC	[47]
	↑IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, G-CSF, CXCL10, CXCL11, HGF, and VEGF	RCC after; undergoing nephrectomy	[48]
Thyroid cancer	↓EGF, HGF, IL-5, IL-8, and RANTES	Benign and malignant	[49]
	↑IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, and IL-13 ↓IL-8	Benign and malignant	[50]
Prostate cancer (Pca)	↑IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-γ, and TNF-α	Pca with cachexia	[51]
	↑IL-1β, IL-2, IL-8, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ	Pca without cachexia	[51]
	↑IL-1β and IL-12	organ-confined Pca	[51]