High Mobility Group Box-1: A Missing Link between Diabetes and Its Complications

Figure 1

Schema depicting the structure of HMGB-1 and the molecular mechanisms responsible for the role of HMGB-1 in inflammation. (a) HMGB-1 translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm under oxidative stress condition and then is actively (immune or active inflammatory cells) or passively (death, apoptosis, or necrosis cells) released outside the cells. Once it is released into the extracellular space, HMGB-1 in turn promotes oxidative stress by binding to its receptors (such as RAGE, TLR2, and TLR4). (b) Extracellular HMGB-1 binds to its receptors and induces inflammatory response via various signaling pathways involving NF-κB, MyD88, p38MAPK, ERK, and JNK.

(a)

(b)