Chemokines and Heart Disease: A Network Connecting Cardiovascular Biology to Immune and Autonomic Nervous Systems

Table 1

List of chemokines relevant in cardiovascular diseases.

Chemokine (systematic name)	Colloquial name	Receptor	Main function	Associated cardiac disease
CC chemokines
CCL2	MCP-1	CCR2	Recruitment of monocytes, memory T cells, dendritic cells	Cardiac ischemia, reperfusion injury, remodeling, fibrosis heart failure [10]
CCL3	MIP-1α	CCR1	Neutrophils activation, induction of cytokines synthesis	Cardiac Ischemia [6]
CCL4	MIP-1β	CCR1, CCR5	Neutrophils activation, induction of cytokines synthesis	Cardiac ischemia [6]
CCL5	RANTES	CCR5	Leukocyte recruitment	Cardiac ischemia [7]
CCL11	Eotaxin	CCR2-3-5	Modulation of macrophage function in the plaque	Atherosclerosis cardiac ischemia [8]
CCL18	PARC	Under investigation (GPR30, CCR8, PITPNM3)	Functions primarily involved with recruitment of the adaptive immune system	Acute coronary syndromes [34]
CCL21	—	CCR7	Vascular inflammation, cell proliferation, matrix remodeling	Heart failure [16]
CXC chemokines
CXCL1	Gro-a, GRO1, NAP-3, KC	CXCR2	Neutrophil chemoattractant activity	Cardiac postinfarction [9]
CXCL2	MIP-2	CXCR2	Chemotactic for neutrophils and hematopoietic stem cells	Cardiac reperfusion injury [6], cardiac infarction [35]
CXCL4	PF4 (Platelet Factor 4)	CXCR3	Chemotactic for neutrophils, fibroblasts, monocytes	Atherosclerosis [5]
CXCL5	ENA-78	CXCR2	Chemotaxis of neutrophils, angiogenic properties	Heart failure [15]
CXCL8	IL-8, NAP-1, MDNCF, GCP-1	CXCR1, CXCR2	Chemotactic for neutrophils	Cardiac ischemia, reperfusion injury [12], cardiac arrhythmias [14], heart failure [15]
CXCL9	MIG	CXCR3	T cell chemoattractant	Dilated cardiomyopathy [20]
CXCL10	IP-10, CRG-2	CXCR3	Monocyte/macrophages, chemoattractant, T cell adhesion to endothelial cells, angiogenesis	Pressure overload, remodeling [19]; Dilated cardiomyopathy [20]
CXCL12	SDF-1	CXCR4	Mobilization of stem cells from bone marrow	Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, fibrosis and remodeling, HF [17]
CXCL13		CXCR5	Homing of B cell, monocyte activation apoptosis	Matrix remodeling [18]
CXCL16	—	CXCR6	Migration of T and NKT cells, stimulating production of SLRPs from fibroblasts	Matrix remodeling and heart failure [19]
CX3C chemokine
CX3CL1	Fractalkine, neurotactin, ABCD-3	CX3CR1	T cell and monocytes chemoattractant	Heart failure rejection of a transplanted heart [21, 22]
C chemokine
XCL1 and 2	Lymphotactin a, SCM-1a, ATAC and Lymphotactin β, SCM-1β	XCR1	T cell chemoattractant	Heart transplantation [22]