12 Weeks of Combined Endurance and Resistance Training Reduces Innate Markers of Inflammation in a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Table 3

A 12-week exercise program induces a decreased fold change of CCR5⁺ cDC upon LPS and IFN-γ stimulation and an increased fold change of HLA-DR⁺ pDC upon IQ stimulation.

Marker	Group	Time	cDC		pDC
			Mean fold change ± SEM	values	Mean fold change ± SEM	values
CCR5	EX	PRE	0.59 ± 0.06	0.002	1.45 ± 0.28	1.000
		POST	0.38 ± 0.06		1.98 ± 0.61
	SED	PRE	0.51 ± 0.06	1.000	1.67 ± 0.37	0.184
		POST	0.56 ± 0.09		2.08 ± 0.98
CD86	EX	PRE	2.68 ± 0.45	0.100	12.34 ± 2.55	0.383
		POST	2.12 ± 0.23		9.14 ± 2.11
	SED	PRE	2.44 ± 0.48	1.000	5.70 ± 1.56	0.767
		POST	2.84 ± 0.69		5.95 ± 2.73
HLA-DR	EX	PRE	1.01 ± 0.01	0.189	0.90 ± 0.03	0.008
		POST	1.01 ± 0.01		0.97 ± 0.02
	SED	PRE	1.06 ± 0.06	0.439	0.92 ± 0.06	0.609
		POST	1.06 ± 0.03		0.82 ± 0.08

Blood samples were stimulated overnight with LPS in combination with IFN-γ, or IQ. The percentage of CCR5, CD86, and HLA-DR positive cDC and pDC after TLR stimulation was measured using flow cytometry. Mean fold changes are calculated as the ratio of the proportion of CCR5, CD86, and HLA-DR positive cDC and pDC in the stimulated condition to the nonstimulated condition. Results are shown as mean fold change ± SEM.
cDC, conventional dendritic cells; pDC, plasmacytoid dendritic cells; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; IQ, imiquimod; EX, exercise group; SED, sedentary group; PRE, baseline measurement; POST, measurement after 12 weeks; SEM, standard error of the mean.