The Role of Toll-Like Receptor 4 in Infectious and Noninfectious Inflammation

Table 1

TLR4 ligands.

TLR4 ligands	Activity	References
Exogenous natural ligands
Lipopolysaccharides from gram-negative bacteria	Agonist	[20]
F protein of syncytial virus	Agonist	[21]
Mannuronic acid polymers from gram-negative bacteria	Agonist	[22]
Teichuronic acid from gram-positive bacteria	Agonist	[23]
Chlamydia pneumoniae HSP60	Agonist	[24]
Flavolipin from Flavobacterium meningosepticum	Agonist	[25]
Mannan from S. cerevisiae and C. albicans	Agonist	[26]
Dengue virus NS1 protein	Agonist	[27]
Plant paclitaxel	Agonist	[28]
Lipopolysaccharides from Rhodobacter sp.	Antagonist	[29]
Lipopolysaccharide-like (CyP) from Oscillatoria sp.	Antagonist	[30]
Endogenous ligands
Extracellular matrix ligands
Hyaluronan	Agonist	[31]
Biglycan	Agonist	[32]
Fibronectin	Agonist	[33]
Heparan sulphate	Agonist	[34]
Tenascin-C	Agonist	[35]
Intracellular and secreted endogenous ligands
HMGB1	Agonist	[36]
HSP22	Agonist	[37]
HSP60	Agonist	[38]
HSP70	Agonist	[39]
HSP72	Agonist	[40]
HSP70L1	Agonist	[41]
HSP Gp96	Agonist	[42]
Calcineurin B	Agonist	[43]
β-defensin 2	Agonist	[44]
S100 proteins	Agonist	[45]
Surfactant protein A	Agonist	[46]
Resistin	Agonist	[47]
Fibrinogen	Agonist	[48]
Amyloid-β	Agonist	[49]