Review Article
The Role of Toll-Like Receptor 4 in Infectious and Noninfectious Inflammation
| TLR4 ligands | Activity | References |
| Exogenous natural ligands | | | Lipopolysaccharides from gram-negative bacteria | Agonist | [20] | F protein of syncytial virus | Agonist | [21] | Mannuronic acid polymers from gram-negative bacteria | Agonist | [22] | Teichuronic acid from gram-positive bacteria | Agonist | [23] | Chlamydia pneumoniae HSP60 | Agonist | [24] | Flavolipin from Flavobacterium meningosepticum | Agonist | [25] | Mannan from S. cerevisiae and C. albicans | Agonist | [26] | Dengue virus NS1 protein | Agonist | [27] | Plant paclitaxel | Agonist | [28] | Lipopolysaccharides from Rhodobacter sp. | Antagonist | [29] | Lipopolysaccharide-like (CyP) from Oscillatoria sp. | Antagonist | [30] |
| Endogenous ligands | | | Extracellular matrix ligands | | | Hyaluronan | Agonist | [31] | Biglycan | Agonist | [32] | Fibronectin | Agonist | [33] | Heparan sulphate | Agonist | [34] | Tenascin-C | Agonist | [35] | Intracellular and secreted endogenous ligands | | | HMGB1 | Agonist | [36] | HSP22 | Agonist | [37] | HSP60 | Agonist | [38] | HSP70 | Agonist | [39] | HSP72 | Agonist | [40] | HSP70L1 | Agonist | [41] | HSP Gp96 | Agonist | [42] | Calcineurin B | Agonist | [43] | β-defensin 2 | Agonist | [44] | S100 proteins | Agonist | [45] | Surfactant protein A | Agonist | [46] | Resistin | Agonist | [47] | Fibrinogen | Agonist | [48] | Amyloid-β | Agonist | [49] |
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