Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 in Epilepsy: The Role of Neuroinflammation in Seizure Development

Table 1

The results of the studies on MMP-9 level in blood serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and saliva (indications: “↑” increase; “↓” decrease; “?” no information).

Disease entity	MMP-9	MMP-9/TIMP-1	Material	References
Encephalopathy after the occurrence of febrile seizures versus febrile seizures	↑↑	↑↑	Blood serum	Suenaga et al. [133]
Febrile seizures versus control	↑	↑	Blood serum	Suenaga et al. [133]
HHV-6 infection with coexisting febrile seizures versus HHV-6 infection without seizures	No influence	↓	Blood serum	Kittaka et al. [135]
HHV-6 infection without seizures versus control	↑	No influence	Blood serum	Kittaka et al. [135]
Epilepsy after acute encephalitis versus control	No influence	↑	Blood serum	Suriadi et al. [136]
Febrile seizures in children with encephalopathy caused by influenza versus control	↑	↑	Blood serum	Ichiyama et al. [137]
TLE with coexisting hippocampal sclerosis versus control	↑	↑	Blood serum	Quirico-Santos et al. [138]
TLE with coexisting hippocampal sclerosis versus patients after lobectomy due to hippocampal sclerosis	↑	↑	Blood serum	Quirico-Santos et al. [138]
Epilepsy in patients with NPSLE versus patients with SLE without the neuropsychiatric manifestation	↑	?	Blood serum	Ainiala et al. [139]
Patients after generalized tonic-clonic seizures, convulsive and nonconvulsive status epilepticus, and partial complex seizures versus control	↑	?	Blood serum	Cudna and Kurkowska-Jastrzębska [140], Cudna et al. [141]
Bacterial meningitis complicated by febrile seizures versus uncomplicated bacterial meningitis	↑	?	Cerebrospinal fluid	Leppert et al. [142]
Patients after generalized tonic-clonic seizure versus control	↑	?	Cerebrospinal fluid	Li et al. [11]
Epilepsy in children versus control	↓	?	Saliva	Shahar et al. [143]
Poorly controlled epilepsy in children versus well controlled epilepsy in children	↓↓	?	Saliva	Shahar et al. [143]