Tolerance in Kidney Transplantation: What Is on the B Side?

Figure 1

Graphical summary of the main Breg induction methods, mode of action, and immunosuppressive functions that have been proposed in the literature. ODN: oligodeoxynucleotides; IL: interleukin; BCR: B cell antigen receptor; IFN: interferon; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; BAFF: B cell activating factor; APRIL: a proliferation-inducing ligand; MSC: Mesenchymal Stem Cells; GzmB: granzyme B; TGF: transforming growth factor; ADO: adenosine; AMP: adenosine monophosphate; IDO: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; CTLA-4: Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4; ICOS: inducible T cell costimulator.