Novel Biomarkers and the Future Potential of Biomarkers in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Table 2

(a) Use of novel fecal markers to assess disease activity (inactive versus active) in IBD. (b) Correlation of novel fecal markers to assess severity in IBD.

(a)

Ref	Age	Pop.	N	Inactive	Active	value	Comments
M2 pyruvate kinase (M2-PK)
[3]	A	CD	31	[5] 0.55 U/ml	[26] 30 U/ml	<0.005
		UC	50	[13] 1.2 U/ml	[37] 40 U/ml	0.006
[4]	P	CD	32	[15] 16.5 U/g	[17] 96.3 U/g	NS
		UC	75	[40] 1.5 U/g	[35] 149 U/g	0.0003
Myeloperoxidase (MPO)
[38]	A	CD	32	[15]	[18]	<0.001	Active: IOIBD
		UC	33	[14]	[18]	<0.001	Truelove and Witts’ severity index
High-mobility group box (HMGB1)
[39]	P	CD	19	[8]	[11]	NS	Active:
		UC	21	[8]	[13]	NS	Active:
Chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1)
[46]	P	CD	87	[39] 18.4 ng/g	[48] 632.7 ng/g	<0.01	Active:
		UC	94	[50] 15.8 ng/g	[44] 366.6 ng/g	<0.01	Active:
Human nucleic acid
[72]	A	UC	54	3.9 copies/μg	259.0 copies/μg	<0.01	Active: colitis activity

(b)

Ref	Age	Pop.	N	r	value	Disease severity
M2 pyruvate kinase (M2-PK)
[12]	P	CD	17	NA	NS	PCDAI
[15]	P	CD	47	0.82	<0.05	PCDAI
		UC	37	0.77	<0.05	Truelove and Witts’ severity index
Osteoprotegerin (OPG)
[27]	P	CD	82	0.15	0.31	PCDAI
				0.16	0.21	Modified PCDAI
				0.10	0.22	PCDAI with logged OPG
				0.35	0.0001	Modified PCDAI with logged OPG
Myeloperoxidase (MPO)
[36]	A	UC	55	NA	0.02	Endoscopy severity
				NA	NS	Endoscopic extent or histology score
Chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1)
[46]	P	CD	25	0.61	<0.01	SES-CD scoring system
				0.49	<0.01	PCDAI
		UC	42	0.73	<0.01	Sum of the Matts’ score
				0.47	<0.01	PUCAI
Human nucleic acid
[71]	A	UC	31	0.59	<0.05	Clinical index of Rachmilewitz
				0.76	<0.01	Endoscopic score

Age: A: adult; P: paediatric, values are median; Pop.: type of population; N: number of patients; NS: nonsignificant; square brackets []: number of patients, r: correlation coefficient; CD: Crohn’s disease; UC: ulcerative colitis; IOIBD: International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases score; PCDAI: paediatric Crohn’s disease activity index; PUCAI: paediatric ulcerative colitis activity index; SES-CD: simple endoscopic score for Crohn’s disease.