Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, a Multisystem Pathology: Insights into the Role of TNFα

Table 1

Effects of the activation of TNFRs on different cell types.

Cell types	Activation of TNFR1	Activation of TNFR2
Motor neurons		Cell death [39]
Astrocytes	Release of GDNF [40], increase in intracellular Ca^2+, and release of glutamate [123]	Death of cocultured motor neurons [39]
Microglia	Activation of proinflammatory phenotype [63] and release of glutamate [124]	Induction of anti-inflammatory phenotype [64]
Oligodendrocytes	Cell death and reduced differentiation [68, 69]	Protection from oxidative stress [71]
CD8^+ T cells		Increased cytokine production and proliferation [93]
Treg cells		Proliferation and suppressing function control [89]
Muscle cells	Protein degradation and muscle wasting [96]