Advances in Immunotherapy for Melanoma: A Comprehensive Review

Table 1

Vaccine type	Number of patients	Treatment/drug	Cells used	Murine cell line	Antigen	Administration path	Tumor type	Melanoma type	Murine melanoma cell line	Reference
Vaccines targeting melanoma cells	34	4-1BBL	—	—	—	Upper arm or thigh	Stage IIIB/IV melanoma	SH-M20	—	[22]
Vaccines targeting melanoma cells	NA	Polymeric HMs	—	—	Trp2 peptide	SC	Lung metastatic melanoma	B16F10	C57BL/6	[23]
					TLR-9 agonist	SC
Vaccines targeting melanoma cells	NA	HSP65-Her-2	—	—	—	Right hind footpads	Lung metastatic melanoma	B16BL6/E2	C57BL/6	[25]
DC-based vaccines	NA	Biomatrices	BMDCs	—	—	SC	Melanoma primary tumor	TC1 or B16	C57BL/6	[26]
						SC near resection	Melanoma postsurgery secondary tumor
DC-based vaccines	—	BMDCs	BMDCs	C57BL/6	Listeriolysin O peptide	SC	Peritoneal melanoma	A-375/Mel-H0	B16F10	[27]
DC-based vaccines	—	BMDCs	BMDCs	C57BL/6	Listeriolysin O peptide	PC	Liver and lung metastatic melanoma	B16OVA	B16F10	[29]
DC-based vaccines	—	MIP3α	—	C57BL/6	gp100	IM (electroporation)	Melanoma	B16F10	C57BL/6	[30]
Treatment	40	TMZ	—	—	—	CT	Metastatic melanoma	—	—	[31]
Treatment	35	IFN-α/IL-2			—	IT	Metastatic melanoma
Peptide-based vaccines	15	IDO peptide			IDO peptide	SC	Stage III/IV NSCLC
Treatment/peptide-based vaccines	7	TMZ/IDO/survivin peptide			IDO/survivin peptide	CT/SC	Metastatic melanoma
Peptide-based vaccines	40	6MHP	—	—	gp100/tyrosinase (14aa)/tyrosinase (20aa)/melan-A/MART-1/MAGE-A3/MAGE-A1, 2,3,6	—	Stage IV melanoma	—	—	[32]
Peptide-based vaccines	35	6MHP	—	—	gp100/tyrosinase (14aa)/tyrosinase (20aa)/Melan-A/MART-1/MAGE-A3/MAGE-A1, 2,3,7	—	Stage IIIB/IV melanoma	—	—	[33]
Peptide-based vaccines	66	recPRAME + AS15	—	—	—	IM (deltoid or thigh)	Stage IV M1b-c melanoma	—	—	[34]
Peptide-based vaccines	—	TriVax/OX40 agonist	—	—	OVA/2W1S/VV H3L/Trp1 (14aa)/Trp1 (8aa)/hgp100	IV/IP	Melanoma	B16F10	C57BL/6/B6-Ly5.1	[35]
Vector-based vaccines	—	Vaccinia virus + DAI	—	—	—	—	Human lung cancer/human melanoma/mouse melanoma	A549/HS294T, A2058, SK-MEL-2/B16-F10	—	[36]
Vector-based vaccines	—	eCPMV	—	—	CD45/MHC-II/CD86/CD11b/F4/80/Ly6G/CD16/CD32	In situ	Lung metastatic melanoma/mammary carcinoma	B16F10/4T1-luc/CT26	C57BL/6J	[39]
Vector-based vaccines	—	Oncolytic adenovirus	—	—	MART-1	In situ/IM	Melanoma	B16BL6	C57BL/6	[40]
Vector-based vaccines	—	MS-OVA/LM-OVA	—	—	—	SC	Melanoma	B16F0-OVA	C56BL/6	[41]

6MHP: 6 melanoma helper peptides; BMDCs: bone marrow-derived dendritic cells; CT: chemotherapy; DAI: DNA-dependent activator of IFN-regulatory factors; DTIC: dacarbazine; HMs: hybrid micelles; IM: intramuscular; IP: intraperitoneal; IM: immunotherapy; IV: intravenous; PC: peritoneal cavity; SC: subcutaneous temozolomide.