Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Mediterranean Diet in the Early and Late Stages of Atheroma Plaque Development

Table 2

Baseline values and changes in the plasma concentrations of colony-stimulating factors and soluble adhesion molecules at 3 and 5 years of follow-up after a MeDiet+EVOO, MeDiet+nuts, or LFD intervention in subjects at high risk for cardiovascular disease.

		Intervention group			Between-group changes; value for differences^3
		MeDiet+EVOO	MeDiet+nuts	LFD	MeDiet+EVOO versus LFD	MeDiet+EVOO versus MeDiet+nuts	MeDiet+nuts versus LFD
GCSF, pg/mL	Baseline^1	8.7 ± 7.5	7.6 ± 6.0	6.0 ± 5.8
	3 y^2	−3.6 (−6.2, −1.0)	−2.0 (−4.5, 0.5)	2.9 (0.3, 5.4)	0.002	1.00	0.008
	5 y^2	−3.8 (−6.4, −1.1)	−0.9 (−3.5, 1.8)	3.8 (1.0, 6.5)	0.001	0.44	0.006
GMCSF, pg/mL	Baseline	3.5 ± 3.0	2.7 ± 2.6	2.3 ± 1.4
	3 y	−1.7 (−2.8, −0.6)	−0.08 (−1.1, 0.9)	0.5 (−0.7, 1.7)	0.08	0.27	1.00
	5 y	−1.6 (−3.0, −0.1)	−1.1 (−2.5, 0.2)	0.5 (−1.0, 2.0)	0.09	1.00	0.18
E-selectin, pg/mL	Baseline	7314 ± 3898	9331 ± 3675	8174 ± 4828
	3 y	−56 (−1179, 1066)	−1563 (−2798, −329)	−468 (−1601, 665)	1.00	0.13	0.42
	5 y	298 (−953, 1549)	−3054 (−4230, −1878)^,γ	−372 (−1638, 894)	1.00	0.001	0.008
P-selectin, pg/mL	Baseline	9355 ± 4531	11,262 ± 4884	9372 ± 4521
	3 y	−841 (−2139, 456)	−626 (−1843, 591)	403 (−835, 1641)	0.40	1.00	1.00
	5 y	−486 (−2389, 1417)	555 (−1295, 2406)	1980 (130, 3829)^,γ	0.42	1.00	0.63
sVCAM-1, ng/mL	Baseline	281 ± 168	363 ± 267	229 ± 168
	3 y	−19.2 (−79.6, 41.2)	−13.9 (−73.4, 45.6)	−81.1 (20.5, 142)	0.11	1.00	0.13
	5 y	−14.5 (−73.4, 44.4)	3.2 (−54.0, 60.4)	67.0 (7.0, 127)	0.46	1.00	0.57

¹Values are means ± SDs, n = 22 unless expressed otherwise. ²Mean differences (95% CI). : different from baseline, (). ^γ: different from 3 and 5 y of intervention (). ³ value: significant differences () in changes between groups. EVOO: extra virgin olive oil; LFD: low-fat diet; MeDiet+EVOO: Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra virgin olive oil; MeDiet+nuts: Mediterranean diet supplemented with nuts.