The Role of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate and Ceramide-1-Phosphate in Inflammation and Cancer

Table 1

Major effects mediated by S1P and C1P in cancer.

Lipids	Mechanism	Functions	References
S1P	(i) Intracellularly, generated S1P secreted out of the cancer cells by ABCC1 transporter. Extracellular S1P is a ligand for G protein coupled receptors S1PR1-5; (ii) Intracellular S1P binds and modulates E3 ubiquitin ligases activity. Mitochondrial S1P binds to prohibitin 2 (PHB2) and regulates complex IV assembly and respiration. Nuclear S1P binds and inhibits histone deacetylase 1 and 2 (HDAC 1 and 2) and epigenetically regulates histone acetylation and transcription of genes associated with cancer progression	(i) Tumor progression; (ii) Metastasis; (iii) Cancer cell survival; (iv) Cell migration; (v) Angiogenesis; (vi) Inflammation; (vii) Chemokine signaling; (viii) Immune cell trafficking; (ix) Epigenetic regulation	This manuscript and [145]
C1P	(i) Extracellular C1P is a ligand for unidentified G protein-coupled receptor; (ii) Intracellular C1P binds and activates cPLA2α; (iii) Intracellular C1P binds CPTP and vesicular trafficking	(i) Tumor progression; (ii) Metastasis; (iii) Cancer cell survival; (iv) Migration and invasion; (v) Inhibition of apoptosis; (vi) Inflammation; (vii) Eicosanoid synthesis; (viii) Macrophage functions	This manuscript and [32, 50, 51, 54, 62, 81, 128]