Oncolytic Virus-Based Immunotherapies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Figure 2

Future prospective for HCC treatment: combination therapy of oncolytic virus with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) blockades. Oncolytic virus enters into cancer cells and replicates in cytosol. It causes oncolysis and activation of neoantigens, which was released from lysed cancer cells. This phenomenon activates immune mechanism against surrounding cancer cells. ICI blockades inhibits action of CTLA-4, PD-L1, and PD-L2 in the liver cells.