Anti-Inflammatory Strategy for M2 Microglial Polarization Using Retinoic Acid-Loaded Nanoparticles

Figure 4

RA-NP promoted tissue viability and enhanced neuronal protection after an inflammatory challenge. (a) RA-NP (10 μg/mL) protected from LPS-induced toxicity while free RA (0.40 μM) had no effect (; compared to untreated cells, ^# compared to LPS). (b) Representative images depicting cell death on organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Slices were counterstained with propidium iodide (PI). (c) RA-NP (10 μg/mL) significantly counteracted the LPS effect by decreasing enolase levels. (; compared to untreated cells, ^# compared to LPS). (d) RA-NP (10 μg/mL) significantly inhibited the LPS effect by increasing PSD-95 levels (; compared to untreated cells, ^# compared to LPS). Free RA (0.40 μM) had no effect on both markers. Representative images depicting the effect of RA-NP treatment on neuronal damage (e) and synaptic function (f). Additional controls with RA-NP alone and free RA are also shown.

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