Contribution of In Vivo and Organotypic 3D Models to Understanding the Role of Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis

Table 1

The role of macrophages and neutrophils in different mouse models of psoriasis or other immune diseases.

In vivo models	Mouse model	Phenotype	Histopathological hallmarks	Role of macrophages	Role of neutrophils
Schon et al. [61]	Flaky skin	Psoriasiform skin lesions	Prominent infiltrate of neutrophils, and microabscesses within the hyperproliferative epidermis, hyperkeratosis, mixed inflammatory immune infiltrate	x	Yes
Wang et al. [44]	Hypomorphic PL/J CD18	Psoriasis-like skin inflammation	Abnormal keratinocyte proliferation/differentiation, subcorneal microabscesses, increased inflammatory infiltrate	Yes	Not causal for the maintenance of the skin inflammation
Stratis et al. [45]	K14-Cre-IKK2fl/fl	Inflammatory and hyperproliferative cutaneous phenotype	Hyperplastic epidermis with loss of the granular layer, focal parakeratosis, infiltration of the dermis with macrophages, T cells, mast cells, granulocytes and microabscesses	Yes	Not required for the development of the disease
Ward et al. [49]	KC-Tie2	Cutaneous psoriasiform phenotype	Acanthosis, increased CD4-positive T cells, epidermal CD8-positive T cells, dermal dendritic cells and macrophages	Yes	x
Sumida et al. [72]	Topical application model of imiquimod	Hyperplastic cutaneous epithelial-squamous phenotype	Epidermal proliferation, abnormal differentiation, epidermal accumulation of neutrophils in microabcesses, neoangiogenesis and infiltrates of immune cells	x	Yes
Keijsers et al. [69]	Leukotriene application Tape-stripping	Skin inflammation in vivo associated with the histopathology of psoriasis	Epidermal proliferation, influx of polymorphonuclear cells in the epidermis and dermis, followed by a mononuclear cell infiltrate	x	Yes
Leite Dantas et al. [54]	Doxycycline-inducible human TNFα–transgenic mouse	Inflammatory arthritis and psoriasis-like phenotype	Hyperproliferation and aberrant activation of keratinocytes, infiltration with Th1, Treg lymphocytes and macrophages	Yes	x
Morimura et al. [47]	Topical application model of imiquimod in CX3CR1-deficient mouse	Hyperplastic cutaneous epithelial-squamous phenotype	Epidermal proliferation, abnormal differentiation, epidermal accumulation of neutrophils in microabcesses, neoangiogenesis and infiltrates of immune cells	Yes	x
Zhang et al. [55]	K14-VEGF-A-transgenic mouse	Psoriasis-like chronic inflammatory skin disease	Epidermal hyperplasia, impaired epidermal differentiation, accumulation of dermal CD4 lymphocytes and epidermal CD8 lymphocytes	Yes	x