Cytokines in Endocrine Dysfunction of Plasma Cell Disorders

Table 1

Features of the endocrinopathy and the underlying monoclonal gammopathy.

Clinical entity (underlying PCD); Study design	Population (F)/age (yr)	Most prominent features (%) (n/total n tested)	Mobility/protein subclass (n/total n tested)	Ref
POEMS syndrome; Retrospective	99 (37)/51	Revealing signs; Neuropathy (95%); Endocrinopathy (67%); Endocrine dysfunction; Erectile dysfunction (44/62); Low testosterone (24/28); Hyperestrogenemia (NR); Gynecomastia (17/62); Hyperprolactinemia (5/25); Diabetes mellitus (3/99); Hypothyroidism (14/99); Hyperparathyroidism (3/4); Adrenal insufficiency (14/35)	M-protein (89/99); IgGλ (40/88); IgAλ (44/88); λ light chain (3/88); IgMλ (1/88); Polyclonal Ig (7/99)	[11]
POEMS syndrome; Retrospective	102 (33)/46	Revealing signs; Neuropathy (51%); Peripheral edema (12%); Neuropathy + peripheral edema (14%); Endocrine dysfunction; Erectile dysfunction (39/50); Low testosterone (NR); Hyperestrogenemia (11/19); Gynecomastia (43/63); Hyperprolactinemia (NR); Diabetes mellitus (26/93); Hypothyroidism (5/21); Hyperparathyroidism (NR); Adrenal insufficiency (5/26)	M-protein (76/102); IgGλ (38/71); IgAλ (29/71); λ light chain (NR); IgMλ (NR); Polyclonal Ig (11/102)	[9]
POEMS syndrome; Retrospective	25 (8)/51	Revealing sign; Neuropathy (84%); Endocrine dysfunction; Erectile dysfunction (13/13); Low testosterone (9/19); Hyperestrogenemia (4/11); Gynecomastia (10/13); Hyperprolactinemia 4/17; Diabetes mellitus 9/22; Hypothyroidism 10/22; Hyperparathyroidism NR; Adrenal insufficiency NR	M-protein (25/25); IgGλ (9/25); IgAλ (12/25); λ light chain (4/25); IgMλ (NR); Polyclonal Ig (NR)	[10]
PHPT; (MGUS, MM); Prospective	PHPT ()/58 (30–92)	↑ calcium; ↑ PTH	PHPT (10%); IgGκ (); IgMκ (); IgAλ ()	[3]
	Surgical control ()/60 (40–78)	Normal calcium; Normal PTH	Surgical control (2%)^#; IgGκ ()
	Thyroid control ()/56 (32–89)	Normal calcium; Normal PTH	Thyroid control (3%)^##; IgGλ (); IgAλ ()
Hyperprolactinemia; (MM); Retrospective	MM; (); non-MM ()	Hyperprolactinemia; Circulation: ↑ PRL levels; Bone marrow: PRL staining	NR	[91, 92]
Chronic thyroiditis; (lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma); Case report	61/F	Hypothyroid goiter treated by levothyroxine (N TSH); Dizziness	M-spike; IgGγ; No light chain	[4]
Chronic thyroiditis (plasmacytoma); Case report	66/F	Chronic thyroiditis (N TSH)	IgGβ2/γ1	[5]
Chronic thyroiditis (plasmacytoma); Case report	65/M	Chronic thyroiditis (↑ TSH)	IgGγ/NR	[6]
Chronic thyroiditis; (lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma); Case report	75/F	Chronic thyroiditis (N TSH)	IgGβ/NR	[93]

Values are expressed in mean ± SD or median (range); ^#PHPT group versus surgical group (); ^##PHPT group versus thyroid group (). BM: bone marrow; IFE: immunofixation electrophoresis; MGUS: monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance; MM: multiple myeloma; M-protein: monoclonal protein; N: normal; n: number; NR: not reported; PCD: plasma cell disorder; sPEP: serum protein electrophoresis; PHPT: primary hyperparathyroidism.