Endothelial Alterations in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Rheumatoid Arthritis: Potential Effect of Monocyte Interaction

Table 1

Molecules involved in the interaction between leukocytes and endothelium [35, 36].

Family	Molecule	Cellular distribution	Ligand cell type
Selectin	P-selectin (CD62P)	Endothelium activated by histamine; or thrombin	Sialyl Lewis X in PSGL-1 (P-selectin glycoprotein; ligand-1); present in neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells; (effector and memory) [56].
	E-selectin (CD62E)	Endothelium activated by cytokines; (TNF-α, IL-1β)	Sialyl Lewis X in CLA-1 (cutaneous; lymphocyte-associated antigen-1) present; in neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells (effector; and memory) [23].
	L-selectin (CD62L)	Neutrophils, monocytes, and T and; B cells in constitutive form	Sialyl Lewis X/PNAd in GlyCAM-1 (glycosylation-; dependent cell adhesion molecule-1), CD34, and; MadCAM-1 (mucosal vascular address in cell; adhesion molecule 1) present in endothelium [57].
Immunoglobulin	ICAM-1 (CD54)	Endothelium activated by cytokines; (TNF-α, IL-1β), macrophages, and; lymphocytes	LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18) in neutrophils, monocytes,; T cells (naive, effector and memory), and B cells; (naive).
			Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) in neutrophils, monocytes,; and dendritic cells [2].
	ICAM-2 (CD102)	Endothelium in a constitutive form	Similar to ICAM-1 [2].
	VCAM-1	Endothelium activated by cytokines; (TNF-α, IL-1β)	VLA-4 (CD49a/CD29) in neutrophils, monocytes; and T cells (naive, effector and memory).
			α4β7 (CD49d/CD29) in monocytes, T cells (naive,; effector and memory), and B cells [58].
Chemokine	CX3CR1	T cells, monocytes, and NK cells; in a constitutive form	CX3CL1 in endothelial cells [36].