Research Article
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Aster incisus through the Inhibition of NF-κB, MAPK, and Akt Pathways in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages
Figure 3
Aster incisus cytotoxicity and effects on nitric oxide (NO) production. (a) HaCaT, HEK293, and RAW 264.7 cells were cultured for 24 h and treated with Aster incisus as shown above, and cell viability was obtained by the WST-1 assay. (b) After 24 h incubation of RAW 264.7 cells, the macrophages were treated with Aster incisus for 4 h followed by stimulation with 1 μg/ml LPS for further 24 h. NO concentrations were determined using the Griess reagent. Statistical differences between the treatment groups and the control group compared to the LPS-stimulated nontreated group were significant at a value of .
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