Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Aster incisus through the Inhibition of NF-κB, MAPK, and Akt Pathways in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Figure 4

Aster incisus effects on inflammatory enzymes and cytokines. (a) Levels of iNOS and Cox-2 enzymes and of cytokine TNFα were determined using Western blot analysis after cell treatment with Aster incisus and activation with LPS. (b) RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were treated with Aster incisus for 4 h and activated with LPS for 6 h. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of cytokines like TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β was analyzed by RT-PCR. (c) Western blot analysis of iNOS, Cox-2, and TNFα. (d) The expression of TNFα mRNA. (e) The expression of IL-6 mRNA. (f) The mRNA levels of IL-1β. Differences among different treatment groups and the LPS-stimulated nontreated group were significant at the values of , , , or . The statistical difference among the control and the LPS-stimulated nontreated groups was considered significant at a value of .

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)