Gut Microbiota-Immune System Crosstalk and Pancreatic Disorders

Table 1

Gut microbiota alterations in pancreatic pathologies.

Bacterium; (phylum)	Acute pancreatitis [28]	Chronic pancreatitis [27]	Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP)	Type 1 diabetes (T1D)	Metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes (T2D)	Pancreatic cancer
Increase	Enterococcus spp. (Firmicutes); Enterobacteriaceae	Firmicutes	Helicobacter pylori; (Molecular mimicry mechanism) [72–75]; Escherichia coli; (Trigger mechanism) [75]	Bacteroides dorei and vulgates; (Bacteroidetes) [38, 82]; Klebsiella spp.; (Enterobacteriaceae) [89]; Coxsackievirus A and B, Echovirus, Enterovirus [83]	Lactobacillales,; Staphylococcus aureus; (Firmicutes) [107]; Escherichia coli; (Proteobacteria) [107]; Tannerella spp.; (Bacteroidetes) [112]	Helicobacter pylori; (Proteobacteria) [72]; Fusobacterium [138] Leptotrichia [142]; (Fusobacteria); Veillonella spp.; Selenomonas spp.; (Firmicutes) [139]; Klebsiella spp.; Enterobacter spp.; (Enterobacteriaceae) [139]; Prevotella spp.; Hallella spp.; (Bacteroidetes) [139]; Salivary microbiota: [140, 141]; Granulicatella adiacens; (Firmicutes); Porphyromonas gingivalis; (Bacteroidetes)
Decrease	Bacteroidetes; Bifidobacterium spp.; (Actinobacteria); Lactobacillus spp.; Clostridium cluster XI; (Firmicutes)	Bacteroidetes; Faecalibacterium prausnitzii; (Firmicutes); Ruminococcus bromii; (Firmicutes)	—	Lactobacillus spp.; Clostridium leptum; (Firmicutes) [38, 82]; Bifidobacterium spp.; (Actinobacteria) [91]; Prevotella spp.; (Bacteroidetes) [89]; Akkermansia muciniphila; (Verrucomicrobia) [89]	Bacteroides; Prevotella; (Bacteroidetes) [107]; Roseburia intestinalis; Faecalibacterium prausnitzii; (Firmicutes) [107]; Bifidobacterium animalis; (Actinobacteria) [107]; Methanobrevibacter smithii; (Methanobacteria) [107]	Bifidobacterium spp.; (Actinobacteria) [139]; Coprococcus spp.; Clostridium cluster IV; Blautia spp.; Flavinofractor spp.; (Firmicutes) [139]; Salivary microbiota: [140, 141]; Neisseria elongata; (Proteobacteria); Streptococcus mitis; (Firmicutes); Corynebacterium spp.; (Actinobacteria)