Research Article
Effects of Tobacco Usage and Antiretroviral Therapy on Biomarkers of Systemic Immune Activation in HIV-Infected Participants
Table 3
Demographic, clinical, and biomarker results according to treatment status and tobacco use.
| | Tobacco user | Tobacco nonuser | value | | 1 cART- | 2 cART + | 3 cART- | 4 cART + | 1 vs 2 | 1 vs 3 | 1 vs 4 | 2 vs 3 | 2 vs 4 | 3 vs 4 |
| | Age (years) | 33.5 (28.5–37) | 35 (31–41) | 32 (29–37.5) | 34 (30.5–40) | 0.165 | 0.420 | 0.192 | 0.099 | 0.365 | 0.087 | | Gender | (59.38%) | (26.09%) | (66.18%) | (63.16%) | 0.007 | 0.260 | 0.358 | 0.0004 | 0.0008 | 0.357 | | CD4 (cells/μL) | 211 (137.5–305) | 344 (315–466) | 209 (106–307) | 351.5 (237.5–454.5) | 0.0001 | 0.413 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.267 | 0.0001 | | Cotinine (ng/mL) | 100 (100–100) | 100 (67.3–100) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0.363 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.361 | | MIG (pg/mL) | 2696.0 (1786.43–3460.14) | 1118.17 (787.12–1383.5) | 2501.3 (1110.43–5854.07) | 905.33 (677.94–1328.77) | 0.0001 | 0.143 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.334 | 0.0001 | | IL-6 (pg/mL) | 3.55 (2.37–8.99) | 2.26 (1.84–4.4) | 5.04 (2.8–8.14) | 1.84 (1.31–3.12) | 0.046 | 0.132 | 0.0001 | 0.002 | 0.060 | 0.0001 | | IL-8 (pg/mL) | 18.46 (9.91–47.13) | 9.06 (7.35–17.6) | 22.72 (10.76–41.09) | 7.35 (4.78–12.47) | 0.013 | 0.247 | 0.0001 | 0.0008 | 0.090 | 0.0001 | | IP-10 (pg/mL) | 1947.09 (1330.02–2701.1) | 695.91 (545.75–865.47) | 1821.06 (833.45–4174.76) | 751.84 (570.31-1008.06) | 0.0001 | 0.114 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.236 | 0.0001 | | MCP-1 (pg/mL) | 26.31 (16.49–41.29) | 5.13 (0.99–23.72) | 22.69 (11.84–41.81) | 5.13 (0–20.62) | 0.0001 | 0.193 | 0.0001 | 0.0003 | 0.337 | 0.0001 | | TNF-α (pg/mL) | 7.64 (0–15.44) | 0 (0–1.14) | 4.39 (0–11.54) | 0 (0–2.44) | 0.0001 | 0.187 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.217 | 0.0001 | | RANTES (pg/mL) | 1698.37 (560.79–3655.84) | 488.02 (226.59–1114.67) | 478.55 (214.02–1785.06) | 564.24 (317.82–861.03) | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.0002 | 0.382 | 0.491 | 0.372 | | MMP-9 (ng/mL) | 38.28 (19.66–73.02) | 39.17 (33.85–50) | 28.54 (18.77–50) | 38.28 (28.54–54.64) | 0.284 | 0.049 | 0.461 | 0.017 | 0.285 | 0.012 | | L-selectin (ng/mL) | 1165.21 (932.31–1327.36) | 924.86 (614.35–1092.43) | 1189.85 (1045.45–1455.75) | 932.22 (802.57–1108.35) | 0.0008 | 0.163 | 0.0005 | 0.0001 | 0.233 | 0.0001 | | ICAM-1 (ng/mL) | 360.41 (185.34–537.23) | 153.38 (113.1–205.88) | 351.51 (195.56–507.0) | 190.6 (100.89–240.38) | 0.0006 | 0.339 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.436 | 0.0001 | | sCD14 (ng/mL) | 11285.24 (8922.59–15044.95) | 9202.32 (7296.24–13,749) | 12846.1 (7273.22–18604.36) | 8993.65 (6678.74–12346.9) | 0.112 | 0.385 | 0.007 | 0.051 | 0.222 | 0.0003 | | Surfactant-D (ng/mL) | 325.17 (178.82–388.71) | 273.49 (184.47–354.23) | 272.63 (165.24–460.77) | 186.31 (114.11–315.62) | 0.290 | 0.433 | 0.006 | 0.3161 | 0.057 | 0.0016 | | LBP (ng/mL) | 2844.95 (1943.9–4057.12) | 1103.18 (828.71–1441.26) | 2640.38 (1627.25–4494.89) | 1158.02 (972.33–1443.51) | 0.0001 | 0.311 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.369 | 0.0001 | | β2-Micro-globulin (μg/mL) | 2.97 (2.26–3.5) | 1.88 (1.52–2.14) | 2.98 (1.84–4.5) | 1.69 (1.47–2.08) | 0.0001 | 0.193 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.174 | 0.0001 | | hsCRP (μg/mL) | 2.25 (0.86–6.93) | 3.15 (0.77–6.85) | 4.34 (1.15–11.75) | 2.96 (1.14–6.28) | 0.443 | 0.105 | 0.482 | 0.101 | 0.418 | 0.061 | | Cyclophilin A (ng/mL) | 40.01 (26.2–76.32) | 36.7 (19.5–64.29) | 24.7 (14.6–56.64) | 30.96 (19.51–47.82) | 0.437 | 0.027 | 0.074 | 0.063 | 0.136 | 0.258 |
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