Nuclear Receptors in the Pathogenesis and Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Figure 1

NRs and cytokines signaling. Various stimulus, such as LPS, TNF-α, and IL-1β, activate NF-κB signaling pathway and p65-p50 binds to the promoter of downstream genes in immune cells or IECs, leading to proinflammatory cytokines production, barrier damage, and IEC apoptosis. NRs blocked the binding of the p65-p50 complex to the promoter and improved the damage effects induced by various stimulus.