Therapeutic Approaches in Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Inflammation, and Autophagy in Uremic Cachexia: Role of Aerobic Exercise

Figure 4

Aerobic exercise reduced muscle inflammation in CKD mice. (a) IL-6 and (b) TNF-α gene expression, normalized against GAPDH, assessed via real-time PCR. (c) Western blot of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, IL-18, and IL-1β expression. (d) Quantification analysis of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, IL-18, and IL-1β levels, normalized against β-actin. , the Sham group vs. the CKD group. , the CKD+AE group vs. the CKD group. Data represent the ().

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