Therapeutic Approaches in Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Inflammation, and Autophagy in Uremic Cachexia: Role of Aerobic Exercise

Figure 6

Aerobic exercise attenuated muscle mitochondrial dysfunction in CKD mice. (a) Morphological changes of mitochondria examined by transmission electronic micrographs (TEM) (magnification ×12,000). (b) Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number, normalized against GAPDH, measured via real-time PCR. (c) ATP production, expressed as per mg protein. (d) Western bolt of PGC-1α, TFAM, and CoxIV expression. (e) Quantification analysis of PGC-1α, TFAM, and CoxIV levels, normalized against β-actin. , the Sham group vs. the CKD group. , the CKD+AE group vs. the CKD group. Data represent the ().

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)