Hemorrhagic Shock Sensitized the Diaphragm to Ventilator-Induced Dysfunction through the Activation of IL-6/JAK/STAT Signaling-Mediated Autophagy in Rats

Figure 1

Short-time MV induced diaphragm dysfunction in HS animals ( in each group). (a) Diaphragm levels of lactate. (b) Hemoglobin levels. (c) Immunofluorescence staining for muscle fibers (40x). Both fast- and slow-twitch muscle fibers were stained as red, and the extracellular matrix were stained green. (d, e) Cross-sectional areas (CSA) of slow- and fast-twitch fibers. (f) Frequency-force curve. (g, h) Measurements of autophagic marker LC3B-I/II in MV and HS animals. (i, j) Measurements of LC3B-I/II in the diaphragm after 3-MA (an autophagy inhibitor) treatment. (k) Immunofluorescence staining for muscle fibers after 3-MA treatment (40x). Muscle fibers were stained red and extracellular matrices were stained green. (l, m) Cross-sectional areas (CSA) of slow- and fast-twitch fibers. (n) Frequency-force curve after 3-MA treatment. Measurements were repeated three times for each sample. MV = mechanical ventilation; HS = hemorrhagic shock.

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