Nonsurgical treatment (protective) Simvastatin 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg/day 1 hour before induction and thereafter once daily
↗ BMP-2 and OPG levels ↗ TRAP activity ↘ MPO activity (dose dependent) ↘ IL-1β and TNF-α ↗ IL-10 ↘ gingival GSH ↗ gingival MDA and NOX ↘ iNOS, MMP-1, MMP-8, RANK, and RANKL expression No differences in AST and ALT levels Inhibition of alveolar bone loss
Simvastatin prevented inflammatory bone resorption and possessed antioxidant properties
Nonsurgical treatment (protective) Atorvastatin 1, 3, and 9 mg/kg Atorvastatin mixed in sterile saline by gavage 30 min before ligature placement and then daily until euthanasia
↘ alveolar bone loss in the furcation area as well as in proximal faces of upper M2 (47% reduction with 9 mg dose compared to that with the control) Insignificant bone loss protection with 1 and 3 mg doses
Atorvastatin had protective effect against alveolar bone loss
Nonsurgical treatment (protective + therapeutic) Atorvastatin 0.3 mg/kg or 27 mg/kg by gavage In combination with ALN 30 min before ligature placement and thereafter once daily until euthanasia or 5 days after the start of periodontitis induction and then daily until euthanasia
↘ TRAP and MPO activity ↘ cementum resorption ↘ neutrophilia and lymphomonocytosis ↘ alveolar bone loss both prophylactically (39%) and therapeutically (53.4%) with lower dose of (0.01 mg/kg+0.3 mg/kg, respectively) Prevented BALP reduction with lower dose of No effect on serum transaminases
Atorvastatin reduced alveolar bone loss, cemental resorption, and inflammatory cell infiltration both prophylactically and therapeutically
Nonsurgical treatment (protective) Atorvastatin 0.3, 3, and 27 mg/kg by gavage 30 min before ligature placement and thereafter once daily until euthanasia
↘ alveolar bone in a dose-dependent manner (39% for 3 mg/kg and 56% for 27 mg/kg doses) Prevented the reduction of BALP serum levels (27 mg/kg) Prevented leukocytosis (27 mg/kg)
Atorvastatin prevented alveolar bone loss with both prophylactic and therapeutic doses
Rats (female with metabolic syndrome) ACP (injection of 20 μg of A.a LPS in PBS) into the palatal gingiva between the maxillary M1 and M2, thrice per week for 4 weeks
Nonsurgical treatment (protective) Simvastatin 20 mg/kg/day Daily via gavage for 4 weeks Treatment started on the same day as injection of LPS
↘ LPS induced alveolar bone loss in both lean and fat rats (significantly) ↘ infiltration of mononuclear cells ↘ inflammatory score ↘ LPS stimulated RANKL and CSF2 expression in both lean and fat rats ↘ bone resorption
Simvastatin downregulated inflammation-mediated bone resorption
Rats (male) EIP by ligatures Mandibular M1 and maxillary M2 bilaterally
Nonsurgical treatment (therapeutic) Simvastatin 10 mg/kg in water once daily orally until euthanasia Treatment started 8 days after periodontitis induction
↘ alveolar bone loss ↘ IL-6 ↘ CRP
Simvastatin decreased inflammation and alveolar bone loss
Nonsurgical treatment (protective + therapeutic) Simvastatin Different treatments: simvastatin-simvastatin: aqueous suspension of simvastatin by gavage (35 mg/kg/day) administration before and after periodontitis induction; simvastatin-water: simvastatin administration before and filtered water after periodontitis induction; and water-simvastatin: water administration before and simvastatin after periodontitis induction
No significant differences between groups receiving simvastatin before the induction of periodontitis and those that received water No protective effect of simvastatin against the development of periodontitis
Simvastatin did not possess protective or therapeutic effects against periodontitis development
Rats (male, cyclosporine A-induced alveolar bone loss) EIP by ligatures Mandibular right M1
Nonsurgical treatment (protective) Simvastatin 20 mg/kg orally daily for 30 days The treatment and induction started on the same day
↗ Ca2+ concentrations (significantly) No effect of simvastatin treatment in the presence of periodontal disease on serum ALP levels but it blocked the cyclosporine A-mediated decrease of ALP No significant effect on alveolar bone turnover but with concomitant cyclosporine A and simvastatin delivery Simvastatin completely inhibited cyclosporine A-induced bone loss
Simvastatin did not prevent alveolar bone loss in periodontitis but it completely countered the cyclosporine A-induced bone loss
Rats (male, GIOP) EIP by ligatures Maxillary left M2
Nonsurgical treatment (protective) Atorvastatin 27 mg/kg ATV orally 30 min before induction and once daily afterwards
↘ bone loss ↘ MPO, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 ↗ IL-10, GSH, SOD, and CAT levels ↘ RANKL and DKK-1 ↗ OPG, WNT10 β, and β-catenin expressions and BALP activity
Atorvastatin prevented alveolar bone loss in periodontitis and reduced inflammation
