Possible Roles of IL-33 in the Innate-Adaptive Immune Crosstalk of Psoriasis Pathogenesis

Table 1

Data obtained by the studies included in the review. For each study, the table reports the species examined (animals, culture cells, or humans), the number of patients included in research, and the type of tissue sample analyzed to detect IL-33 concentration. It shows if IL-33 concentration is higher, lower, or equal with respect to health controls. The table also includes other detected cytokines in the study, the correlation between IL-33 concentration and severity score disease in case it was analyzed, and if therapy modified IL-33 levels.

Author, year	Animals	Cells	Humans	N°Pt	Tissue sample	IL-33 concentration	Severity disease score	Therapy	Laboratory test
Theoharides et al., 2010 [23]	—	x	x	9Ps 7 HC	Skin	High	—	—	SP, VEGF, HDC
Hueber et al., 2011 [24]	x	—	x	5Ps 5HC	Skin	High	—	—	ST2, IL-5, IL-13, CXCL1, MCP-1, MPO, INF-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12/23p40, IL-17, GM-CSF, FGFbasic, IP-10, MIG, MIP-1α, TNF-α, VEGF
Balato et al., 2012 [25]	—	x	x	/	Skin blood	High in skin; No detectable in blood	—	—	ST2, VEGF, MCP-1, IL-6, IL-20
Meephansan et al., 2012 [26]	—	—	x	5 Ps 2 HC	Skin	High	—	—	IL-8
Suttle et al., 2012 [27]	—	—	x	18Ps	Skin (18 pt); Blood (4 pt)	High	No correlation with PASI	—	IL-6
Talabot-Ayer et al., 2012 [28]	—	—	x	9PSA	Blood SF synovia	No detectable in blood and SF; High in synovia	—	—	sST2, IL-6
Meephansan et al., 2013 [29]	—	x	x	7Ps 2HC	Skin	High/low	—	—	ST2
Batista et al., 2013 [30]	—	—	x	20Ps	Skin	Equal	—	—	IL-17A, IL-22, TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-2, IL-21, IL-27
Balato et al., 2014 [31]	—	x	x	20Ps 10HC	Skin	High/low	—	TNFαI reduce IL-33 levels	—
Vageli et al., 2015 [32]	—	—	x	17Ps	Skin	High	No correlation with PASI	TNFαI reduce IL-33 levels	TLR-2, TLR-9
Suttle et al., 2015 [33]	—	x	x	18Ps	Skin (18 pt); Blood (4 pt)	High	—	—	ST2
Patruno et al., 2015 [34]	—	—	x	12 Ps 3 HC	Skin	High	—	—	—
Shen et al. 2016, [35]	—	—	x	80 PSA	Blood	High in 15%-85%	No correlation with atherosclerosis and BMD	—	sST2
Mitsui et al., 2016 [36]	—	—	x	22Ps 9PSA 17HC	Blood	High in Ps PSA	—	TNFαI reduce IL-33	TNF-α, CRP, VEGF, IL-6, IL-8
Athari et al., 2016 [37]	x	—	—	/	Skin	—	—	—	—
Li et al., 2017 [38]	—	—	x	20Ps 40PSA 20 HC	Blood	High in Ps PSA	No correlation with PASI and PsAJAI	TNFαI have no influence	CRP, OPCs, OPG, TNF-α, RANKL, IL12/23p40, IL-34, IL-35, IL36, IL37, IL-38
Raimondo et al., 2017 [39]	—	x	x	20Ps 15 HC	Skin	High	—	—	TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, RANKL, OPN, OPG
Meephansan et al., 2018 [40]	—	—	x	14Ps	Skin blood	High	—	MTX downregulates IL-33 levels despite UVBnb	—
Sehat et al., 2018 [41]	—		x	47 Ps 47HC	Blood	Equal	Positively correlated with PASI	—	IL-36, IL-37

Ps: psoriasis, PSA: psoriatic arthritis, HC: health controls, SF: synovial fluid, —: no detected/no analyzed/none, BMD: bone mass density, CRP: C-reactive protein, FGFbasic: fibroblast growth factor basic, GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, HDC: histidine decarboxylase, IP-10: interferon gamma-induced protein 10, MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MIG: monokine induced by gamma-interferon, MPO: myeloperoxidase, MTX: methotrexate, PaSAJA: PSA joint activity index, OCPs: osteoclast precursors, OPG: osteoprotegerin, OPN: osteopontin, RANKL: receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand, SP: peptide substance P, TNFαI: anti-TNFα treatments, VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor.