The Role of Long-Chain Fatty Acids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Table 1

Effects of LCFAs in the pathogen recognition phase in IBD.

Pathogen recognition phase	The type of LCFAs	Role
Intestinal barrier	DHA and EPA	Protect the tight junctions while reducing MUC2 secretion
	Palmitic acid and palm oil	Promote MUC2 secretion
	n-6 PUFAs	Reduce MUC2 secretion
TLR/NOD pathway	n-3 PUFAs	Upregulate TLR-2 gene
	n-9 PUFAs	Upregulate TLR-4 gene
	ALA	Inhibit the mRNA expression of TLR4, downregulate proinflammatory cytokines, upregulate anti-inflammatory cytokines, and decrease the mRNA expression of NOD
NF-κB pathway	Fish oil	Downregulate the NF-κB pathway
	ALA, EPA, and DHA	Downregulate the NF-κB pathway
	Oleic acid	Downregulate the NF-κB pathway
PPAR-γ pathway	Conjugated linoleic acid	Upregulate the PPAR-γ pathway
	DHA and EPA	Upregulate the PPAR-γ pathway