Hoveniae Semen Seu Fructus Ethanol Extract Exhibits Anti-Inflammatory Activity via MAPK, AP-1, and STAT Signaling Pathways in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 and Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages

Figure 7

Effects of hoveniae semen seu fructus ethanol (HSFE) extract on (a) cell viability and production of the inflammatory cytokines (b) TNF-α, (c) IL-6, (d) IL-1β, and (e) IFN-γ in mouse peritoneal macrophages. The primary macrophages obtained from 6 BALB/c mice were seeded with (a) on a 96-well culture plate or (b–e) on a 24-well culture plate and preincubated for 18 h. Then, cells were pretreated with HSFE for 1 h and then stimulated with LPS for another 24 h. At least three independent tests were repeated to ensure reproducibility of the experimental results. As a control, cells were incubated with vehicle alone. Data represent the of duplicate determinations from three independent experiments. (vs. control) and (vs. LPS) values were considered statistically significant.

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