Hoveniae Semen Seu Fructus Ethanol Extract Exhibits Anti-Inflammatory Activity via MAPK, AP-1, and STAT Signaling Pathways in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 and Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages

Figure 9

Effects of three compounds, ampelopsin, taxifolin, and myricetin, on (a) cell viability and the secretion of (b) NO and (c–e) inflammatory cytokines. Cells were seeded with (a, b) on a 96-well culture plate or (c–e) on a 24-well culture plate and preincubated for 18 h. Then, cells were pretreated with each compound for 1 h and stimulated with LPS for another 24 h. At least three independent tests were repeated to ensure reproducibility of the experimental results. (a) Cell viability was examined using a cell-counting kit. (b) NO secretion into the culture media was determined using the Griess assay. (c–e) Secretion of inflammatory cytokines was measured by ELISA. As a control, cells were incubated with vehicle alone. Data represent the of duplicate determinations from three independent experiments. (vs. control) and (vs. LPS) values were considered statistically significant.