Interactions between Gut Microbiota and Immunomodulatory Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Table 1

The alteration of the gut microbiota in RA patients and animal models.

Study objects	Sample type	Technology	Increased	Decreased	References
Human, compared RA patients with nonarthritic controls	Stool	Metagenomic shotgun sequencing	Clostridiaceae		[80]
Human, compared RA patients with osteoarthritis patients	Stool	16S ribosome (r)RNA sequencing	Lactobacilli, Prevotella	Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes	[81]
Human, compared RA patients with healthy controls	Stool	16S rRNA sequencing	Bacteroides, Escherichia-Shigella	Lactobacillus, Alloprevotella, Enterobacter, Odoribacter	[78]
Human, compared RA patients with healthy controls	Stool	Whole-genome shotgun sequencing	Prevotella		[73]
Human, compared RA patients with healthy controls	Stool	16S rRNA sequencing	Verrucomicrobiae, Akkermansia		[75]
Human, compared preclinical RA patients with first-degree relatives (FDR) of RA patients	Stool	16S rRNA sequencing	Prevotellaceae, Prevotella spp.		[70]
Human, compared FDR of RA patients with healthy controls	Stool	16S rRNA sequencing	Collinsella	Actinobacteria	[69]
Human, compared RA patients with healthy controls	Stool	Metagenomic shotgun sequencing	Lactobacillus salivarius	Haemophilus spp.	[77]
Human, compared RA patients with healthy controls	Stool	qPCR	Bacteroides, Prevotella	Clostridium leptum	[97]
Mouse, compared mice with CIA at the initial peak and relapse of arthritis with healthy controls	Stool	16S rRNA gene sequencing	Bacteroides, Bacteroidales	Firmicutes	[86]
Mouse, compared mice with CIA with healthy controls	Stool	16S rRNA gene sequencing	Clostridiales, Deferribacterales, Mucispirillum	Enterobacteriales	[94]

RA: rheumatoid arthritis; CIA: collagen-induced arthritis.