CD4⁺ T Cell Profile and Activation Response in Sickle Cell Disease Patients with Osteonecrosis

Figure 4

Increased frequency of IFN-γ⁺ CD4⁺ T and IL-17⁺CD4⁺ T cells in SCD BM compared to non-SCD BM patients. Bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNC) from SCD patients with osteonecrosis (SCD BM) and patients with osteonecrosis not related to SCD (non-SCD BM) were culture stimulated with PMA/Io and stained for intracellular cytokine production. Relative frequency of IFN-γ⁺ (a), IL-4⁺ (b), IL-17⁺ (c), bifunctional IFN-γ⁺/IL-4⁺ (d), and IL-4⁺/IL-17⁺ TCD4⁺ (e) cells producing cytokines in relation to total TCD4⁺ cells in culture. Each symbol represents an individual subject. Horizontal lines represent mean and standard error. , , and .

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