Exosomes: Potential Therapies for Disease via Regulating TLRs

Figure 1

The formation and transportation of exosome. The formation of a mature exosome is closely related to two processes. First, the limiting membrane is invaginated to form multivescular bodies (MVB). Second, a part of MVBs called exocytic MVBs bud off into the lumen of the late endosome to form the second membrane and then secrete into the extracellular space along with their cargo, while another part of MVBs evolve into lysosomes for degradation called degradative MVBs. Then, exosomes are translated by body fluid and the three ways for receipt cell to take up exosomes are ➀ endocytosis, ➁ lipid raft-mediated internalization, and ➂ by combining with the target cell membrane directly.