Circulating Inflammatory Markers Are Inversely Associated with Heart Rate Variability Measures in Type 1 Diabetes
Table 1
Demographic and clinical characteristics among groups.
CAN ()
%CAN ()
value
Age (years)
<0.01
Sex (males)
69%
49%
0.09
Body mass index (kg/m2)
27.1 (25.2–30.5)
25.1 (23.3–27.8)
0.02
Current smokers
17%
27%
0.27
Disease duration (years)
<0.01
Haemoglobin A1c (mmol/mol)
66 (57–75)
60 (53–69)
0.03
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
<0.01
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
0.06
Heart rate (beats/min)
76 (72–80)
69 (64–75)
<0.01
Cholesterol (mmol/L)
4.2 (3.7–4.7)
4.4 (3.8–4.9)
0.42
Long acting insulin dose (IU)
26 (19–38)
24 (18–31)
0.31
Short acting insulin dose (IU)
27 (20–36)
22 (15–28)
0.11
Insulin pump dose (IU)
21.2 (19.9–49.6)
42.4 (32.0–50.0)
0.11
Distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (%)
69%
29%
<0.01
SDNN
112 (99–141)
136 (112-167)
0.02
SDANN
103 (88–131)
118 (99–145)
0.04
SDNNi
<0.01
RMSSD
20 (13–27)
30 (24–40)
<0.01
VLF
1091 (590-1479)
1861 (1184-2907)
<0.01
LF
375 (107–576)
968 (509-1580)
<0.01
HF
101 (38–197)
268 (141–615)
<0.01
Interleukin-1α (pg/mL)
1.0 (0.4–1.2)
0.5 (0.4–0.8)
0.01
Interleukin-4 (pg/mL)
15.9 (12.4–21.6)
7.4 (7.4–12.7)
<0.01
Interleukin-12p70 (pg/mL)
46.1 (38.9–65.7)
39.2 (33.2–48.5)
0.02
Interleukin-13 (pg/mL)
3.1 (2.1–4.4)
2.1 (2.1–3.7)
0.12
Interleukin-17A (pg/mL)
10.0 (7.5–15.2)
8.2 (5.9–10.9)
0.02
Tumor necrosis factor-α (pg/mL)
36.9 (22.9–54.5)
27.7 (19.7–38.5)
0.07
C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (pg/mL)
0.17
C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (pg/mL)
88.4 (65.2–136.8)
64.2 (41.2–102.2)
<0.01
C-C motif chemokine ligand 3 (pg/mL)
14.5 (9.4–22.6)
13.0 (6.4–25.4)
0.54
C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 (pg/mL)
0.70
E-selectin (ng/mL)
<0.01
P-selectin (ng/mL)
180.8 (117.0 – 245.9)
143.4 (80.3 – 219.3)
0.06
Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ng/mL)
44.6 (26.4–57.4)
39.7 (27.7–57.6)
0.60
Based on normative distribution, data is presented as or median (25th-75th percentiles) for continuous variables and number (%) for binary variables. values between the groups (CAN–No CAN) were based on Student’s -test, the Mann–Whitney -test, and the chi-squared test. SDNN: standard deviation of all normal RR; SDANN: standard deviation of the averages of RR: SDNNi: mean standard deviation of the averages of RR for each 5-minute interval; RMSSD: root mean square of the successive differences; VLF: very low frequency; LF: low frequency; HF: high frequency; UI: international units.
