| | Characteristic | Quartile of serum cystatin C, mg/L | trend | Quartile 1 ()
<0.90 | Quartile 2 ()
0.90-1.08 | Quartile 3 ()
1.08-1.36 | Quartile 4 ()
≥1.36 |
| | Age, median (IQR), y | 45 (34-59) | 53 (37-64) | 62 (49-71) | 68 (59-77) | <0.001 | | Male, no. (%) | 37 (31%) | 43 (37%) | 69 (56%) | 78 (64%) | <0.001 | | Comorbidities, no. (%) | | | | | | | Chronic pulmonary disease | 6 (5%) | 4 (3%) | 10 (8%) | 17 (14%) | 0.01 | | Hypertension | 24 (20%) | 39 (34%) | 41 (33%) | 80 (66%) | <0.001 | | Diabetes | 15 (13%) | 17 (15%) | 15 (12%) | 44 (36%) | <0.001 | | Cardiovascular disease | 12 (10%) | 8 (7%) | 16 (13%) | 25 (20%) | 0.01 | | Cerebrovascular disease | 1 (1%) | 5 (4%) | 7 (6%) | 29 (24%) | <0.001 | | Chronic kidney disease | 0 | 0 | 1 (1%) | 25 (20%) | <0.001 | | Blood gas and severity | | | | | | | PaO2:FiO2, median (IQR) | 420 (296-521) | 385 (271-520) | 322 (240-485) | 274 (180-406) | <0.001 | | Lactate, mmol/L, median (IQR) | 1.2 (0.8-1.8) | 1.2 (0.8-1.9) | 1.4 (0.9-2.0) | 1.5 (0.9-2.3) | 0.02 | | ARDS, no. (%) | 30 (25%) | 38 (33%) | 58 (47%) | 69 (57%) | <0.001 | | Severity | | | | | | | General, no. (%) | 82 (69%) | 75 (65%) | 56 (45%) | 32 (26%) | | | Severe, no. (%) | 27 (23%) | 29 (25%) | 48 (39%) | 28 (23%) | | | Critically ill, no. (%) | 10 (8%) | 12 (10%) | 20 (16%) | 62 (51%) | <0.001 | | SOFA score, median (IQR) | 1 (0-6) | 1 (0-7) | 2 (0-7) | 3 (0-10) | <0.001 | | APACHE II score, median (IQR) | 2 (0-16) | 2 (0-20) | 3 (0-15) | 7 (0-21) | <0.001 | | Admission laboratory markers, median (IQR) | | | | | | | White blood cell count, ×109/L | 4.6 (3.5-5.7) | 4.8 (4.1-6.0) | 5.0 (4.0-6.6) | 5.4 (4.1-7.7) | <0.001 | | Lymphocyte count, ×109/L | 1.1 (0.7-1.4) | 1.1 (0.8-1.4) | 1.0 (0.7-1.3) | 0.8 (0.5-1.2) | 0.11 | | Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio | 2.6 (1.7-4.1) | 3.1 (1.7-5.2) | 3.6 (2.2-6.2) | 4.9 (2.6-9.5) | <0.001 | | Platelet count, ×109/L | 175 (147-228) | 186 (151-245) | 186 (139-232) | 162 (118-224) | 0.75 | | Hemoglobin, g/L | 128 (120-140) | 127 (118-138) | 130 (119-142) | 124 (110-136) | 0.11 | | C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 1.1 (0.3-3.2) | 1.8 (0.5-4.6) | 2.2 (0.7-5.5) | 3.9 (1.4-7.1) | <0.001 | | Procalcitonin, ng/mL | 0.05 (0.04-0.06) | 0.05 (0.04-0.08) | 0.06 (0.04-0.10) | 0.12 (0.05-0.31) | <0.001 | | Blood urea nitrogen, mmol/L | 3.6 (3.0-4.8) | 3.7 (3.1-4.3) | 4.3 (3.5-5.3) | 6.3 (4.6-8.9) | <0.001 | | Creatinine, μmol/L | 56 (48-71) | 57 (49-70) | 70 (53-80) | 88 (71-114) | <0.001 | | Total bilirubin, mmol/L | 8.2 (6.2-10.5) | 8.4 (6.9-11.7) | 9.9 (7.5-12.8) | 8.8 (6.0-11.9) | 0.008 | | Alanine aminotransferase, U/L | 18 (13-28) | 22 (13-32) | 25 (15-43) | 19 (14-32) | 0.04 | | Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L | 20 (17-29) | 23 (18-34) | 25 (19-41) | 26 (18-37) | 0.005 | | Fibrinogen, g/L | 2.8 (2.4-3.2) | 3.0 (2.5-3.4) | 3.1 (2.6-3.5) | 3.3 (2.6-3.8) | 0.07 | | D-dimer, mg/L | 0.40 (0.23-0.90) | 0.49 (0.28-1.03) | 0.69 (0.32-2.24) | 0.91 (0.50-2.39) | 0.03 | | Lactate dehydrogenase, U/L | 182 (140-232) | 192 (152-258) | 207 (173-256) | 218 (171-296) | <0.001 | | Creatine kinase, U/L | 79 (52-147) | 72 (45-119) | 77 (53-124) | 88 (60-153) | 0.90 | | Creatine kinase-MB, U/L | 8 (5-12) | 7 (6-11) | 7 (6-10) | 9 (6-12) | 0.57 | | Pharmacotherapy, no. (%) | | | | | | | Quinolones | 75 (63%) | 80 (69%) | 87 (70%) | 83 (68%) | 0.66 | | Cephalosporins | 52 (44%) | 48 (41%) | 63 (51%) | 69 (57%) | 0.08 | | Ribavirin | 105 (88%) | 101 (87%) | 110 (89%) | 100 (82%) | 0.39 | | Oseltamivir | 26 (22%) | 27 (23%) | 20 (16%) | 44 (36%) | 0.003 | | Arbidol | 35 (29%) | 32 (28%) | 35 (28%) | 25 (20%) | 0.39 | | Glucocorticoid therapy | 68 (57%) | 64 (55%) | 86 (69%) | 64 (52%) | 0.04 | | Intravenous immunoglobulin | 72 (61%) | 64 (55%) | 63 (51%) | 54 (44%) | 0.08 | | Noninvasive ventilation, no. (%) | 13 (11%) | 11 (9%) | 17 (14%) | 35 (29%) | <0.001 | | Outcomes | | | | | | | Hospital stays for survivors, median (IQR), d | 21 (15-31) | 24 (17-31) | 27 (17-37) | 28 (19-42) | 0.008 | | Hospital mortality, no. (%) | 2 (2%) | 8 (7%) | 9 (7%) | 40 (33%) | <0.001 |
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