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| Author, reference | Study design | Patient populations | Main study findings |
|
| Fukuda et al. [19] | Cross-sectional study | 47 AMI patients, 23 UAP patients, and 19 SAP patients | Patients with plaque rupture had significantly higher levels of MMP-9 than patients who did not have plaque rupture. |
| Tan et al. [68] | Human study | 116 stroke-free participants | Elevated serum MMP-9 concentration was independently associated with high total carotid artery plaque score, plaque instability, and large IMT value. |
| Olson et al. [69] | Cross-sectional study | 473 61-year-old men | Plasma MMP-9 concentration was higher in men with echolucent femoral plaques, while no similar associations were found for carotid plaques. |
| Kobayashi et al. [71] | Human study | 200 patients with ST elevation ACS and 66 patients with non-ST elevation ACS | MMP-9 levels significantly increased in early ACS than late ACS, while the hs-TnT levels were lower in early ACS than late ACS. Meanwhile, MMP-9 levels were elevated earlier than hs-TnT and had a higher diagnostic value for early ACS. |
| Tziakas et al. [73] | Human study | 18 carotid specimens and serum obtained from 18 patients | MMP-9 levels measured in extracts from the most stenotic area were significantly higher in patients with intraplaque hemorrhage. However, serum levels of MMP-9 showed no difference. |
| Brunner et al. [77] | Human study | 18 SAP patients, 14 UAP/NSTEMI patients, 14 STEMI patients, and 16 healthy controls | Monocytic MMP-9 mRNA levels were increased in patients with UAP/NSTEMI or STEMI compared to the controls and patients with SAP. |
Koizumi et al. [81]
Kaden et al. [82]
Funayama et al. [83] | Human study | | Plasma MMP-9 levels were significantly increased in infarct-related artery than those in femoral artery. MMP-9 levels returned to baseline by 1 week after MI. |
| Inokubo et al. [84] | Human study | 29 ACS patients, 9 UAP patients, 17 SAP patients, and 20 control subjects | Plasma MMP-9 levels were significantly increased in coronary circulation, but not in aortic root. |
| Higo et al. [85] | Human study | 23 AMI patients and 10 SAP patients performing percutaneous coronary intervention | Plasma MMP-9 levels were significantly higher in patients with AMI and further increased after percutaneous coronary intervention. |
| Hamed et al. [86] | Human study | 75 ACS patients, 25 SAP patients and 20 healthy participants | Patients with ACS having adverse cardiovascular events had higher levels of MMP-9. |
| Eldrup et al. [87] | Human study | Followed up 207 patients with > or =50% carotid stenosis initially for a mean of 4.4 years | Elevated MMP-9 was associated with the risk of stroke and cardiovascular death. |
| Jefferis et al. [88] | Prospective study | 368 incident MI patients and 299 incident stroke patients and two controls per case. Follow up for 8 years | Serum MMP-9 was not a strong independent risk marker for MI and stroke. |
| Garvin et al. [89] | Human study | 428 men and 438 women (45-69 years), free of previous coronary events and stroke. Follow up for 8 years | Plasma MMP-9 was independently associated with the risk of first-time CHD. |
| Welsh et al. [90] | Human study | Followed up 5661 men for 16 years | MMP-9 was unlikely to be a clinically useful biomarker for CHD after adjustment for conventional risk factors (especially smoking). |
| Eldrup et al. [91] | Human study | Followed up 1090 patients with stable coronary heart disease for 15years | Elevated matrix metalloproteinase-9 had no association with increased risk of unstable angina, MI and death in patients with stable coronary heart disease. |
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